Thailand’s tobacco cultivation is a fascinating journey from seed to leaf. This process, steeped in tradition and honed by modern techniques, produces some of the world’s most sought-after tobacco. From the planting of the seeds to the harvesting of the leaves, every step is a testament to the skill and dedication of Thai farmers. Join us as we delve into this captivating world, exploring the intricacies of tobacco cultivation in Thailand and unveiling the secrets behind this thriving industry.
The Tobacco Industry in Thailand
Historically, the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly, established in 1939, has played a central role in shaping the industry. Today, Thailand is the second-largest tobacco leaf producer in ASEAN and the 16th-largest globally . However, the industry is not without its challenges.
Challenges in Tobacco Farming
Tobacco farmers in Thailand face a myriad of economic challenges, including fluctuating market prices and the high costs associated with tobacco cultivation. Environmental concerns also loom large, as tobacco farming can lead to deforestation and soil degradation . Health risks are another significant concern, with farmers potentially suffering from Green Tobacco Sickness due to nicotine absorption through the skin .
Tobacco and Poverty
In areas where tobacco is grown, poverty rates are higher than the national average. The crop has been linked to a cycle of poverty, with farmers trapped in a system that offers few alternatives and little opportunity for advancement .
Impact on Food Production
The cultivation of tobacco often comes at the expense of food crops. With Thailand facing a food security crisis, despite being a major food exporter, the allocation of agricultural land to tobacco is a contentious issue .
Transitioning Away from Tobacco
Efforts have been made to encourage tobacco farmers to transition to alternative crops, such as kenaf in Malaysia. Similar initiatives could potentially benefit Thai farmers, offering them a more sustainable and profitable future .
The Role of the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly
The Thailand Tobacco Monopoly has a significant impact on local farmers, dictating the terms of tobacco cultivation and exerting control over the market. This has implications for the economic well-being of farmers and the industry as a whole .
Contract Farming in Thailand
Contract farming can offer benefits to tobacco farmers, such as guaranteed markets and support from larger firms. However, it also has drawbacks, including a lack of independence and potential exploitation .
Green Tobacco Sickness
Green Tobacco Sickness is a health hazard for farmers, caused by the absorption of nicotine from wet tobacco leaves. This occupational illness is a significant concern in areas where traditional tobacco cultivation is practiced .
Market Dynamics and Tobacco
The domestic market for tobacco products in Thailand is projected to grow, albeit slowly. The export market also plays a role in the industry’s dynamics, influencing cultivation practices and farmer decisions .
Innovations in Tobacco Farming
Technological advances and sustainable farming practices are being introduced to improve the efficiency and environmental impact of tobacco cultivation. These innovations could help make tobacco farming more viable in the long term.
The Future of Tobacco Farming in Thailand
Predicting the future of tobacco farming in Thailand is complex. While there are trends suggesting a decline in tobacco cultivation, the industry’s resilience and the lack of viable alternatives for farmers mean that tobacco is likely to remain a staple crop for some time.
Voices from the Field
Interviews with local tobacco farmers reveal a mix of resignation and hope. While many are aware of the challenges they face, there is also a sense of pride in their work and a desire for better support and options.
Comparative Analysis
Comparing Thailand’s tobacco industry with those of other ASEAN countries can provide insights into potential paths forward. The experiences of neighboring countries in managing tobacco cultivation and supporting farmers could offer valuable lessons for Thailand.
what are the different types of tobacco grown in thailand
In Thailand, several types of tobacco are grown, each with unique characteristics and uses.
- Traditional Thai Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.): This is a non-Virginia type of tobacco that is mainly produced in the northern region of Thailand, particularly in Nan Province. It contains three to four times more nicotine than common tobacco types .
- Nicotiana Rustica: Also known as Aztec tobacco or strong tobacco, this variety is very potent, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of Nicotiana such as Nicotiana tabacum .
- Oriental Varietals: These are grown in certain regions of Thailand, such as Roi-et, and are known for their unique flavor profiles .
- Betel Quid Tobacco: This is a type of chewing tobacco preparation made of crushed areca nut (also called betel nut), tobacco, catechu, paraffin wax, and other ingredients. Its use has been reported in Thailand .
- Thai Cigars (Khiyo): These are popular in Thailand and are known for their high levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide .
what is the history of tobacco farming in thailand
The history of tobacco farming in Thailand is deeply intertwined with the country’s modernization efforts and economic development. The Thailand Tobacco Monopoly (TTM) was established by the government in 1939, marking the beginning of formal tobacco agriculture in the country . The TTM had a monopoly over the manufacturing and distribution of tobacco products until the ratification of the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement in 1992, which allowed foreign tobacco companies to share in the Thai market .
Tobacco farming in Thailand has persisted despite the declining trend of tobacco farms. This is due to several factors, including the emergence of new markets related to roll-your-own cigarettes and the dependence path created by contract farming . The Tobacco Authority of Thailand provides subsidies to tobacco farmers, which has helped them maintain a better economic position compared to their counterparts who grow other crops .
However, the tobacco farming industry in Thailand has faced challenges in recent years. Major Thai tobacco farmers have experienced a decline in quality of life, particularly in economic and environmental domains, leading them to consider stopping tobacco cultivation . Furthermore, the country’s tobacco control policies, which have been praised for their comprehensiveness, have largely focused on the demand side, and the implications for tobacco farmers have not been fully explored .
Despite these challenges, Thailand remains the second-largest tobacco leaf producer in ASEAN and the 16th-largest globally . The country’s tobacco market was valued at THB107.5 billion ($3.4 billion) in 2021 and is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of more than 8% during 2021-2026 .
what are the most common tobacco varieties grown in thailand
In Thailand, several types of tobacco are grown, each with unique characteristics and uses. The most common varieties include:
- Traditional Thai Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.): This is a non-Virginia type of tobacco that is mainly produced in the northern region of Thailand. It contains higher levels of nicotine compared to common tobacco types .
- Burley Tobacco: This is an important economic tobacco variety in Thailand. It is marketed on a grade basis, and the position of the leaves on the plant determines their grade .
- Nicotiana Rustica: Also known as Aztec tobacco or strong tobacco, this variety is very potent, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of Nicotiana such as Nicotiana tabacum .
- Virginia Tobacco: This type of tobacco is predominantly grown in the Phrae region of Thailand .
- Oriental Varieties: These are grown by farmers in the Roi-et region of Thailand .
Conclusion
The cultivation of tobacco in Thailand is a complex issue, intertwined with economic, environmental, and health concerns. As the country grapples with these challenges, the voices of farmers and the need for sustainable alternatives must be at the forefront of any discussion about the future of this industry.
Technical sources: Growing Tobacco in Thailand
Historical Background
Tobacco farming in Thailand has persisted due to the skills acquired by farmers through technical assistance. These skills, however, are only applicable within the framework of contract farming. The 1966 Tobacco Act restricted private firms from growing tobacco or manufacturing cigarettes, but it did provide room for local firms to get involved in tobacco agriculture .
Current State of Tobacco Farming
Currently, Thailand has approximately 16,000 farmers growing Virginia and Burley tobacco. These farmers are at risk of a deteriorating quality of life due to the decline in tobacco purchases. This has led to a majority of them expressing a desire to stop growing tobacco, necessitating government assistance and support .
Statistics: Tobacco Farming in Thailand
Economic Impact
Tobacco farming in Thailand continues to have a significant economic impact. Revenue from tobacco product sales generated close to US$ 5 billion in 2016. The tax collected by the government amounted to US$ 2 billion, providing a significant share of the government s revenue .
Production and Consumption
Thailand produced approximately 36 billion cigarettes in 2016. There were 66,780 tons of tobacco produced in Thailand in 2019 on 19,514 hectares of land .
FAQs: Growing Tobacco in Thailand
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Who are the main tobacco farmers in Thailand?
The main tobacco farmers in Thailand are those growing Virginia and Burley tobacco . -
What is the economic impact of tobacco farming in Thailand?
The economic impact of tobacco farming in Thailand is significant, with revenue from tobacco product sales generating close to US$ 5 billion in 2016 . -
How much tobacco is produced in Thailand?
In 2019, there were 66,780 tons of tobacco produced in Thailand . -
Why do some farmers want to stop growing tobacco in Thailand?
Many farmers want to stop growing tobacco due to a decline in the quality of life, particularly in economic and environmental domains . -
What is the future of tobacco farming in Thailand?
The future of tobacco farming in Thailand is uncertain, with many farmers expressing a desire to stop growing tobacco .
Books: On Growing Tobacco in Thailand
- “Tobacco: Production, uses, and health implications” by Marcos, Fernanda Lopez, and Cristofer Ramirez Ortiz .
- “Tobacco: Science, policy, and public health” by Boyle, P .
Sources of Information: On Growing Tobacco in Thailand
- “Why Does Tobacco Agriculture in Thailand Persist?” by Buapun Promphakping et al. https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/download/13587/7415/55986.
- “Deteriorating Quality of Life and a Desire to Stop Growing Tobacco” by Naresuan University https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9470139/.
- “THAILAND ATLAS” by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and ITGA https://atlas.tobaccoleaf.org/tailandia/.
Citations: On Growing Tobacco in Thailand
- Buapun Promphakping et al., “Why Does Tobacco Agriculture in Thailand Persist?” Forest and Society, Vol. 5 No. 2 (2021) https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/fs/article/download/13587/7415/55986.
- Naresuan University, “Deteriorating Quality of Life and a Desire to Stop Growing Tobacco,” Naresuan University, Project Number: COA No. 140/2021, IRB No. P3-0087/2564 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9470139/.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and ITGA, “THAILAND ATLAS,” 2023 https://atlas.tobaccoleaf.org/tailandia/.